How to Calculate Activation Energy

Activation energy is the amount of energy that needs to be supplied in order for a chemical reaction to proceed. The example problem below demonstrates how to determine the activation energy of a reaction from reaction rate constants at different temperatures. Activation Energy Problem A second-order reaction was observed. The  reaction rate constant at three degrees Celsius was found to be 8.9 x 10-3 L/mol and 7.1 x 10-2 L/mol at 35 degrees Celsius. What is the activation energy of this reaction? Solution The  activation energy can be determined using the equation:ln(k2/k1) Ea/R x (1/T1 - 1/T2)whereEa the activation energy of the reaction in J/molR the ideal  gas constant 8.3145 J/K ·molT1 and T2 absolute temperatures (in Kelvin)k1 and k2 the reaction rate constants at T1 and T2 Step 1: Convert temperatures from degrees Celsius to KelvinT degrees Celsius 273.15T1 3 273.15T1 276.15 KT2 35 273.15T2 308.15 Kelvin Step 2 - Find Ealn(k2/k1) Ea/R x (1/T1 - 1/T2)ln(7.1 x 10-2/8.9 x 10-3) Ea/8.3145 J/K ·mol x (1/276.15 K - 1/308.15 K)ln(7.98) Ea/8.3145 J/K ·mol x 3.76 x 10-4 K-12.077 Ea(4.52 x 10-5 mol/J)Ea 4.59 x 104 J/molor in kJ/mol, (divide by 1000)Ea 45.9 kJ/mol Answer: The activation energy for this reaction is 4.59 x 104 J/mol or 45.9 kJ/mol. How to Use a Graph to Find Activation Energy Another way to calculate the activation energy of a reaction is to graph ln k (the rate constant) versus 1/T (the inverse of the temperature in Kelvin). The plot will form a straight line expressed by the equation: m - Ea/R where m is the slope of the line, Ea is the activation energy, and R is the ideal gas constant of 8.314 J/mol-K. If you took temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit, remember to convert them to Kelvin before calculating 1/T and plotting the graph. If you were to make a plot of the energy of the reaction versus the reaction coordinate, the difference between the energy of the reactants and the products would be ΔH, while the excess energy (the part of the curve above that of the products) would be the activation energy. Keep in mind, while most reaction rates increase with temperature, there are some cases where the rate of reaction decreases with temperature. These reactions have negative activation energy. So, while you should expect activation energy to be a positive number, be aware that its possible for it to be negative as well. Who Discovered Activation Energy? Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius proposed the term activation energy in 1880 to define the minimum energy needed for a set of chemical reactants to interact and form products. In a diagram, activation energy is graphed as the height of an energy barrier between two minimum points of potential energy. The minimum points are the energies of the stable reactants and products. Even exothermic reactions, such as burning a candle, require energy input. In the case of combustion, a lit match or extreme heat starts the reaction. From there, the heat evolved from the reaction supplies the energy to make it self-sustaining.

The Issue Of Gun Ownership - 1529 Words

As time has progressed, the issue of gun ownership has become more and more of a debate. With the development of new technology that can lead to devastating destruction, it is extremely difficult to overlook the harm that this weaponry could ensue on the safety of our nation. As stated in the second amendment of the constitution of the United States, â€Å"The right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† The framers, however, could never have known the potential for destruction that our present weaponry can cause. So, the question to this day has been, to what degree should the infringement of our right to bear arms be prevented? There are many different possible answers to this question, however, to me, only one†¦show more content†¦However, banning these weapons will not end this conflict as a whole. This question cannot be answered as black and white as people want it to, because technology is constantly developing, thus changing the ar ms that people may have in the future. In the same way that the framers could never have anticipated the current day weaponry, we could never anticipate the weaponry that may be developed one hundred years from now. For example, theoretically, if the United States were to ban the use of any automatic weapons, some problems may be halted for now. However, if in fifty years from now, a new form of weaponry that can fire nuclear missiles from a handgun is released, this problem will simply restart again because now more restrictions have to be put in place. However, by giving the government the ability to halt the civilian exposure to these weapons in the first place, similar problems will not occur because the weaponry will never fall in civilian hands. Other people seem to uphold the opinion that the right to bear arms is outdated and we should get rid of the amendment completely in order to ensure that everyone is safe. Their belief is that you should not have to stop a â€Å" bad person† with a gun by risking a â€Å"good person† with a gun. They think that if nobody were to own guns in the first place, there would never be problems at all. However, this argument is not completely logical for a number of reasons. First of

Doggy Care Executive Summary Free Essays

â€Å"Doggie steps† is a pet business venture, which aims to be set as a leading example in booming business of pet care markets. The operations of the company will be modelled on the basis of innovation, strategic acquisition and brand growth. With a fantastic portfolio of human resources and products which we are intensely passionate about, we will delight growing number of customers in gurgaon with great care every single day. We will write a custom essay sample on Doggy Care Executive Summary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everything we do will be channelled by the company’s philosophy of care, innovation, customer centricity and intense passion. This report will outline the initial steps to meet the company’s objectives and goals. This report has been formulated after collecting individual insights from key players of the company; which will be instrumental in establishing the company â€Å"Doggie steps†. Our report begins with an overview related to the key events and the developments that has aided the company founders to set up this business venture. In this section, the readers will be able to relate the company’s vision to the significant details of the market. Strategic approach to needs and reasons for choosing a location has been summarised in this section. A brief account of the market related figures has been provided in the market analysis section of the report. This section will also broach upon the current gaps in the market that needs proper attention. The next section will explain how the company is going to provide value to the customers. A six step plan, which has been formulated by the company founders, has been provided in this section. The company aims to win market share by practicing the six step plan. Also a detailed marketing mix comprising key characteristics has been explained in detail to complement and help us meet our goals with respect to the six step plan. The following sections- pricing and distribution channels has been supported with facts and figures that will be implemented by the company to start up the operations of our business venture. The next section, planning, is explained in detail to provide a clear view of the strategies that will be executed to abide by our mission and eventually realize our vision. This section will illustrate that the company has a bold ambition to build a national framework by entering new markets, unconquered markets and with service that will be differentiated and practiced on the scale of world class delivery. The planning section has been divided into sales and financial to provide a clear understanding of the amount that will be invested and the consequential return on investment that will be stipulated for the company. The financial planning section has been formulated with the help of well known business strategists in the market of pet care. Accounting records has also been provided in this section to help the reader analyze the probability of profits and minimization of losses for the company on account of the initial expenditures. The section operational plan has requisite conditions specified for the type of customers that the company is going to cater to. These conditions has been made based on the historical records of the pet care activities which included damages caused by the unruly behaviour of different species of dogs that had been catered to. Health related specifications in the conditions, mentioned in the section have also been provided based on the advice of veterinarians and members of animal council organizations. A schedule for the operational activities has also been provided in this section to help the customers to understand the different services offered at different times. The company aims to deliver exceptional service by employing qualified personnel’s. The report will also identify the reasons, why doggie steps as a company will be embracing talented professionals to provide high class of service in the city of Gurgaon. The section- human resource and human – resource policies have been made after indentifying the needs of the company and the goals that the company is aspiring for. A brief explanation of the job profiles of each valuable participant of our operation has been outlined to help the readers understand the amount of care and service that our customer will be given. At the end of the report, policies have been explained in brief to give an account of the codes and conduct that will be practices by our company. Finally, this report is an account of the business operations of a newly formed company that will be looking to enhance its prospects in the coming years. Several key strategies instrumental for the success of our company is formulated on the aspect; a new company entering a growing sector and aspirations to reach new heights in the field of pet-care. The founders of the company are aspiring to build a national brand by focussing on innovation, processes, distribution and people. In each section of this report, the aforementioned characteristics will be the basis to explain the strategies, figures and goals for the company. Through this report, we would like to encourage our business partners and customers to share our vision and join us on our mission. How to cite Doggy Care Executive Summary, Papers

How much sympathy does the reader feel towards Curleys wife free essay sample

Curley’s wife is a character in the novel â€Å"Of mice and men† set in California and written in 1937 by John Steinbeck. She is the only woman on a ranch of itinerant working men, and because of this she gets treated by each man in a different manner. Most of the men treat her in a negative way, therefore causing different degrees of sympathy from the reader. Sympathy implies that the reader feels an emotional connection towards the character. Her unhappy marriage to the boss’s son causes her great loneliness and unhappiness as she tries, in vain, to find someone to talk to on the ranch. The reader may feel certain degrees of sympathy for Curleys wife due to the fact that the ranch workers are always talking behind her back. This is shown when Candy is talking about her to George and Lennie in the bunkhouse when they arrive. We will write a custom essay sample on How much sympathy does the reader feel towards Curleys wife? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He states that he thinks â€Å"Curley’s married a tart†. This quotation could cause very strong feelings against Curley’s wife, as she seems to have a reputation amongst the men for being flirtatious. The noun â€Å"tart† might infer that Curley’s wife is a promiscuous character who flirts with all of the ranch workers. It could also imply that she is always ‘tarted up’ and making an effort to look attractive in front of the men. Candy’s opinion seems harsh, which could portray the ranch worker’s extremely negative feelings towards Curley’s wife, as they assume she is a flirtatious attention seeker. However, the reader may feel sympathetic towards Curley’s wife because she is labelled as a â€Å"tart† and so the ranch workers don’t look past her appearance to get to know her personality. In this quotation, Candy pauses before completing the phrase, which could suggest that he is apprehensive towards voicing his opinion about Curley’s wife. This would be understandable, as most of the ranch workers seem intimidated by Curley and insulting his wife may result in a fight or losing their job. Some might think that this quotation reveals that Curley’s wife is incredibly lonely, as the ranch workers are prejudiced against her from the minute they get to the ranch, so this implies that it must be hard for her to make friends. She is the only woman on the ranch and seems to have trouble fitting in. She may be seen as very glamorous and she could like to get dressed up for fun, as it would make her feel like a movie star, which is her dream. Overall, I think this quotation causes a high level of sympathy from the reader towards Curley’s wife, because the ranch workers judge her and don’t try to get to know her personality. The judgement as to whether Curley’s wife is malicious or kind lies with the reader’s perception of her character’s description and actions in the novella. When Curley’s wife first appears in the novel in the bunkhouse scene, the reader is presented with an in-depth description of her appearance with multiple references to the colour red. This is expressed through quotations like â€Å"she had full rouged lips† and â€Å"her fingernails were painted red†. These declarative phrases could imply that she is an evil temptress who is not to be trusted and attracts lots of attention, which could be either wanted or unwanted on her part. Contrary to this, the colour â€Å"red† is a passionate, loving colour which could present her as a kind, affectionate character. The adjective â€Å"red† is however sometimes associated with the devil and malice, which links to the bible, as evil was introduced into the world when Eve was tempted by the snake, so by dressing in red Curley’s wife could be presenting herself as a temptation to the male ranch workers throughout the novella. Also, Curley’s wife has some aspects of her personality that imply softness, for example â€Å"little bouquets of red ostrich feathers†. These â€Å"feathers† are a significant part of Curley’s wife’s appearance, because the reader knows of Lennie’s fascination and admiration of soft objects. This feature of her appearance could portray a more attractive personality because the â€Å"ostrich feathers† create a gentle, toned-down persona for her character, which may cause a higher level of sympathy from the reader because the ranch workers treat her as if she is repulsive and manipulative, which could be a prejudice based on her appearance. Towards the end of her initial introduction, Curleys wife addresses George â€Å"playfully†, with could portray her as an intentionally promiscuous character. She is known around the ranch for teasing the male ranch workers and being apparently disloyal to Curley. The adjective â€Å"playfully† could cause the reader to feel unsympathetic towards Curleys wife, because she may give the men false hope by flirting and acting in a promiscuous way when she is around them. On the other hand, Curleys wife flirting could be interpreted as unintentional, harmless conversations and friendships between her and the ranchworkers. This would be understandable because as she mentions later in the novella in Crooks’ room, she gets â€Å"awful lonely† on the ranch. Curleys wife is seen by everyone on the ranch as a sexual object, due to her makeup and clothes. Whenever she tries to interact with any of the workers, they assume she is flirting and spread rumours about her, however she may just be a lonely woman on a ranch full of men. Curley regards her as an item that he possesses ownership over, and so he is always looking for her to make sure she isn’t with any of the other men. This shows that Curley doesn’t trust his wife, and so their relationship and marriage isn’t a happy one. In chapter four, the ranch workers go out to a brothel in the local town, leaving Lennie, Crooks, Candy and Curley’s wife at the ranch. In Crooks’ room, where the men are talking, Curley’s wife comes in and states that â€Å"They left all the weak ones here†, which shows the hierarchy of the ranch and highlights the fact that nobody wants to be with the â€Å"weak ones† at the bottom of the hierarchy. The reader may feel highly unsympathetic towards Curley’s wife because she says cruel, cutting things when she can. She says that â€Å"they left all the weak ones here†, but it isn’t clear whether she is including herself in that group or not. If she meant to include herself, the reader may feel sympathetic towards her because she feels that she is a weak person at the bottom of the hierarchy. This reflects the way she is treated by the male population on the ranch because she is constantly put down and distrusted when she just wants to make friends. On the other hand, if she was leaving herself out of â€Å"the weak ones† group, this may cause the reader to feel unsympathetic towards her because she is offending Candy, Crooks and Lennie, when they haven’t purposely done anything to offend or anger her. This quotation could also cause the reader to feel unsympathetic towards Curleys wife because she has two different personalities. When she is around Curley and other people who are higher in the hierarchy, she lets them disrespect her and treat her in a negative manner, however when she is around people who are lower in the hierarchy than her, she brings out a side to her that is evil and cutting, and so would make the reader feel unsympathetic towards her. However, this may make the reader feel sympathetic towards her because she never gets the chance to look down on anyone, she is always treated like she is the lowest of the low, therefore she makes the most of being higher while she can.